TUGAS : SKIIL TOEFL 1-5

SKILL 1 : SUBJECT & VERB

You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test are :

-          related to subjects and verbs;

-          perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject, or the verb, or both;

-          perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.

Example :
The plane __________ landing at the airport in five minutes.
(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be

Analysis:

This sentence has a subject, plane, and has part of a verb, landing; to be correct, some form of the verb be is needed to make the verb complete. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because the sentence already has a subject, plane, and does not need the extra subject it. Answer (C) is incorrect because descending is an extra part of a verb that is unnecessary because of landing. Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with landing is a complete verb.

EXERCISE SKILL 1

Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect ( I ).

1. My best friend always helpful with problems. ( I )
 Analysis:

The subject of the sentence above is My best friend, but there is no Verb. So, incorrect.
The correct sentence should be My best friend is always helpful and with problems. 

2. The bus schedule has changed since last week. (C)
 Analysis:
The subject is The bus and verb is has changed, so the sentence is Correct.

3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor. ( I )
Analysis:
The sentence doesn't have a Subject. The verb is dropped, so it is incorrect.
The correct sentence should be Accidentally she or he dropped the glass on the floor.

4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes. (I)
Analysis:
The sentence doesn't have to be, is. So incorrect
It should be The customer is paying the clerk for the clothes.

5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students. (C)
Analysis:
The sentence has subject, the professor and verb, handed. So it is correct

6. Each day practiced the piano for hours. (I)
Analysis:
The sentence doesn't have subject. The verb is practiced. So incorrect.
It should be Each day they practiced the piano for hours.

7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop. (C)
Analysis:
The sentence has subject, The basket ball player and verb, tossed. So it is correct

8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly. (I)
Analysis:
The sentence has subject, The new student, but no verb. So incorrect.
The correct sentence can be The new student in the class is very talkative and friendly.

9. Walking with the children to school.(I)
Analysis:
The sentence doesn't have a Subject. It has main verb, walking but without tobe. So incorrect.
The correct sentence could be She/he is walking with the children to school

10. The whales headed south for the winter. (C)
Analysis:
The sentence has a subject, the whales and verb, headed. So, it correct

SKILL 2 : OBJECT OF PREPOSITION

An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition such as in, at, of to, by, behind, and on to form a prepositional phrase.

The trip (to the island) (on Saturday) will last (for three hours)

This sentence contains three objects of prepositions. Island is the object of the preposition to; Saturday is the object of the preposition on; hours is the object of the preposition for.

An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.

Example :
To Mike ____ was a big surprise.

(A) really
(B) the party
(C) funny
(D) when

Analysis :

In this example, you should look first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the verb was and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that Mike is the subject; Mike is the object of the preposition to, and one noun cannot be both a subject and an object at the same time. Because a subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B), the party, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct because they cannot be subjects.

EXERSICE SKILL 2 :

Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack. (C)
Analysis:
Subject is The name of baby and Verb is IS. So, it is correct
The Crib is only object of preposition

2. By the next meeting of the class need to turn in the papers.(I)
Analysis:
Verb is need but there is no Subject. So, it is Incorrect
The next meeting of the class is NOT subject, it is object of preposition

3. The directions to the exercise on page 20 unclear.(I)
Analysis:
Subject is The directions but there is no Verb. So, it is incorrect.
The exercise is not subject, it is object of preposition.

4. Because of the heavy rain throughout the night, the walkways are muddy.(C)
Analysis:
Subject is the walkways and Verb is Are. So, it is correct.
The heavy rain throughout the night is only object of preposition.

5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafeteria.(I)
Analysis:
Verb is eat but there is no Subject. So, it is incorrect
The week is not Subject, it is object of preposition

6. In the morning after the concert was tired.(I)
Analysis:
Verb is was but there is no Subject. So, it is incorrect.
The concert is not Subject, it is object of preposition.

7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip.(C)
Analysis:
Subject is the trip and verb is Is. So, it is correct
   
8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the hallway of the house.
Analysis:
No Subject and No verbs.
  
9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.(I)
Analysis:
Verb is ran but there is no Subject. So, it is incorrect.
Her purse and her hand are only object of preposition

10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside the bed rang.(C)
Analysis:
Subject is the alarm clock and Verb is rang. So, it is correct.

SKILL 3 : PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Present participles can-cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because a present participle can be either an adjective or a part of the verb. A present participle is the - ing form of the verb. It is part of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be.

The train is arriving at the station now. (Arriving is VERB)

In this sentence, arriving is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is. A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be.

The train arriving at the station now is an hour late. (Arriving is ADJECTIVE)

In this sentence, arriving is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accompanied by some form of be. The verb in this sentence is is.

The following example shows how a present participle can be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example:
The film ____ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.
(A) now
(B) is
(C) it
(D) was

Analysis:
In this example, if you look at only the first words of the sentence, it appears that film is the subject and appearing is part of the verb. If you think that appearing is part of the verb, you might choose answer (B), is, or answer (D), was, to complete the verb. However, these two answers are incorrect because appearing is not part of the verb. You should recognize that appearing is a participial adjective rather than a verb because there is another verb in the sentence, is. In this sentence, there is a complete subject, film, and a complete verb, is, so this sentence does not need another subject or verb. The best answer to this question is answer (A).

EXERCISE SKILL 3 :

Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the present participles, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
 1. The crying baby needs to be picked up. (C)
2. The clothes are lying the floor should go into the washing machine. (I)
3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.
4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line.
5. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking doll.
6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky.
7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.
8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk.
9. The boring class just ending a few minutes ago.
10. The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area.

SKILL 4 : PAST PARTICIPLE

Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of the verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles in English.

The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox. (Left is VERB)

                             The classes were taught by Professor Smith. (Taught is VERB)

In the first sentence, the past participle left is part of the verb because it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence, the past participle taught is part of the verb because it is accompanied by were.

A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have.

The letter left in the mailbox was for me. (Left is ADJECTIVE)

The classes taught by Professor Smith were very interesting. (Taught is ADJECTIVE)

In the first sentence, left is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence, taught is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, were, later in the sentence).

The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example :
The bread _____ baked this morning smelled delicious.
(A) has
(B) was
(C) it
(D) just

Analysis :

In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the sentence, it appears that bread is the subject and baked is either a complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you look further in the sentence, you will see the verb smelled. You will then recognize that baked is a participial adjective and is therefore not part of the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because baked is an adjective and does not need a helping verb such as has or was. Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no need for the subject it. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question.

EXERCISE SKILL 4:

Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past participles, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious. (I)
Analysis:
The sentence should be "The food served in this restaurant is delicious".
is served is incorrect, it should be served (past participle as an Adjective).
Subject is The food and Verb is IS

2. The plane landed on the deserted runway. (C)
Analysis:
Subject is The place and Verb is landed
Deserted is past participle as an adjective
  
3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime. (C)
Analysis:
Subject is unexpected guests and Verb is arrived
Unexpected is past participle as an adjective

4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses. (I)
Analysis:
The sentence should be The course listed in the dialogue are required courses.
Subject is The course and Verb is are required.
are listed is inccorect, but it should be listed (be past participle as an adjective)

5. The teacher found the lost exam. (C)
Analysis:
Subject is The teacher and Verb is found
Lost is past participle as an adjective

6. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized. (I)
Analysis :
Subject is the small apartment but there is no Verb
The sentence should be The small apartment is very crowded and disorganized.
Crowded and disorganized are past participle as adjectives.

7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends. (C)
Analysis:
Subject is The photograph and Verb is showed
Developed is past participle as adjective

8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels. (C)
Analysis:
Subject is the locked drawer and Verb is contained
Locked and unworn are past participle as adjectives

9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs. (I)
Analysis:
The sentence should be The tree blown over in the storm was cut into logs
was blown should be blown (past participle as adjective)
Subject is The tree and verb is was cut

10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper. (C)
Analysis:
Subject is The students and Verb is are listed

Registered is past participle as adjective
 listed is past participle as verb.

SKILL 5 : COORDINATE CONNECTOR

Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.) When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, or so between the clauses.

The sun was shining and the sky was blue.

The sky was blue, but it was very cold.

It may rain tonight, or it may be clear.

It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate connector—and, but, or, or so—and a comma (,).

The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example :
I forgot my coat, ____ I got very cold.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) as a result

Analysis :

In this example, you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, I forgot my coat and I got very cold. This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. Then, later, and as a result are not connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses in this manner.

EXERCISE SKILL 5 :

Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct ‘(C) or incorrect (I).

1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown. (C)

Analysis:

Both clauses are correct and coordinate connector is correct.

2. The book was not long, it difficult to read. (I)

Analysis:

Second clause should be it is difficult to read. There is not coordinate connector.

3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping. (I)

Analysis:

Second clause has no Subject.

4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together. (C)

Analysis:

Both clauses are correct and coordinate connector is correct too.

5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better. (I)

Analysis:

Both clauses are correct but there is no coordinate connector.

6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will be turned off. (C)

Analysis:

Both clauses are correct and coordinate connector is correct, too.

7. The furnace broke so the house got quite cold. (I)

Analysis:

Both clauses are correct, but there is no comma.

It should be The furnace broke, so the house got quite cold.

8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed excellent. (I)

Analysis:

Second clause has two subject; the quality and it. It should be the quality seemed excellent.

Coordinate connector is correct.

9. The leaves kept falling off the trees, and the boys kept raking them up, but the yard was still covered. (C)

Analysis:

All clauses and coordinate are connectors correct, too.

10.The mail carrier has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow. (I)

Analysis:

All clauses are correct, but coordinate connector So is wrong. So should be changed with but.

(sumber : http://www.toeflskill.com/)

Resensi Novel “Supernova ; Ksatria, Puteri dan Bintang Jatuh”

Judul                 : Supernova; Ksatria, Puteri, dan Bintang Jatuh

Penulis              : Dewi “Dee” Lestari Mangunsong

Tebal Buku       : 231 halaman

Panjang buku  : 21 cm

Lebar buku      : 13,5 cm

Penerbit            : Truedee Books

Terbit Tahun    : 2001 pada Cetakan V

Resensi

Karya sastra yang dinominasikan sebagai Indonesia’s Best Fiction Award 2000-2001 (Novel Fiksi Indonesia Terbaik 2000-2001) yang ditulis oleh Dewi Lestari dengan tebal 231 halaman ini memang sangat menarik untuk dibaca khususnya orang yang menggemari sains, karena buku ini memang didominasi oleh bahasa sains yang mudah dimengerti bagi mereka penyuka sains. Namun bukan hanya penyuka sains yang dapat menikmati karya sastra ini, orang yang awam terhadap sains juga tertarik untuk membaca dan mengetahui karya sastra yang diciptakan oleh Dee. Untuk para penikmat novel  yang awam terhadap bahasa sains jangan takut dan ragu untuk mulai membaca karya sastra sains fiksi ini karena di setiap halaman yang dihiasi istilah sains yang tidak dimengerti, selalu dilengkapi oleh footnote (catatan kaki) dan disitulah sisi menarik dan menantangnya dalam membaca novel ini. Menurut Jacob Sumardjo dalam halaman komentar pakar (hlm. 230).Supernova: Ksatria, Puteri, dan Bintang Jatuh adalah karya sastra intelektual bergaya pop art yang sepenuhnya bermain di dunia hakiki.

Mungkin ada sedikit kendala yang dirasakan oleh para pembaca awam karena banyaknya istilah-istilah sains yang sulit dimengerti dan kerumitan dalam mencari penjelasan dari footnote yang cukup panjang dan menghabiskan banyak tempat dalam novel tersebut. Namun novel ini dinominasikan sebagai Novel Fiksi Indonesia Terbaik sebab memiliki keunikan bukan hanya karena dapat memasukan unsur sains yang sangat kental tapi juga dapat memadukan unsur keromantisan yang juga mewarnai novel ini dengan sangat baik. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan adanya beberapa puisi puitis yang dapat disampaikan dengan apik melalui bahasa sains.

Sifat dari karakter tokoh yang diceritakan pun sangat kuat dan dapat terasa dengan jelas. Alur ceritanya juga tidak berbelit-belit dan tidak berbasa-basi sehingga pembaca disuguhi cerita yang jelas maksud dan tujuannya.

Dikisahkan oleh Dee (Pangglan akrab bagi Dewi Lestari) ada dua pria yang mengalami penyimpangan perilaku seksual, mereka gay (homo) yang sudah menjalani kehidupan menyimpang mereka selama 10 tahun, Dhimas dan Ruben namanya. Mereka mengikat janji bahwa di tahun kesepuluh hubungan mereka. Mereka akan membuat roman sains yang romantis sekaligus puitis {hal. 13}. Diceritakan, Ruben, pria bernada angkuh itu termasuk geng anak beasiswa orang-orang sinis, kuper yang cuma cocok bersosialisasi dengan buku. Sementara Dhimas termasuk geng anak orang kaya, dari kalangan mahasiswa Indonesia yang berlebih harta yang tidak pernah Ruben suka {hal. 5}.

“Sepuluh tahun dari sekarang, aku harus membuat satu karya. Satu masterpiece. Satu tulisan atau riset yang membantu menjembatani semua percobaan sains,” kata Ruben. Lalu Dhimas setuju, “ Fine. Sepuluh tahun buatmu, sepuluh tahun juga buatku. Satu masterpiece. Roman yang berdimensi luas dan mampu menggerakkan hati banyak orang.

Mereka akan membungkus karya populis yang bisa dibaca banyak orang. Sebuah roman sains, romantis, puitis. Mereka membuat kisah cinta yang bukan biasa-biasa, kontroversial, ada pertentangan nilai moral dan sosial.

Dalam tulisan mereka diceritakan ada seorang pria yang dapat dikatakan sempurna, tampan, mapan, produktif, menarik, dan berjabatan tinggi. Tokoh tersebut bernama Ferre, dia begitu menarik sehingga diidolakan oleh kaum hawa. Ferre adalah pria sukses, 29 tahun, managing director perusahaan multinasional, tampan, tak tertarik terikat dengan wanita, tak pernah jatuh cinta. Sebuah konflik masa kecil akhirnya memisahkan dia dengan talenta alamiahnya, dan menjadikan dia robot sukses tapi hampa. Sampai akhirnya, semua berbanding terbalik, ketika Ksatria ini menemukan Sang Puteri.

Sang puteri adalah seorang wartawati dari sebuah tabloid wanita bersuamikan Arwin mencoba mewawancarai Ferre yang bernama Rana, entah karena pribadi keduanya yang sama-sama menarik keduanya pun saling tertarik dan menjalani hubungan terlarang antar seorang lajang dan seorang wanita bersuami atau biasa disebut selingkuh. Padahal Ferre bisa mendapatkan wanita cantik manapun yang ia inginkan dengan kekayaan dan ketampananya. Tapi tidak, bagi Ferre, Rana adalah sang puteri seperti pada khayalan masa kecilnya: “Ksatria jatuh cinta pada puteri bungsu dari kerajaan bidadari.” Mereka menjalin cinta, tanpa siapapun tahu, kecuali Ale, sahabat Ferre yang berkali-kali mengingatkan mereka ‘jangan bermain api’!

Arwin, suami Rana yang berasal dari keturunan ningrat, sama sekali tidak menaruh curiga pada sang istri, ia terlalu cinta pada Rana. Wanita bersuami yang mengalami ketidakpuasan dalam berumah tangga ini pun mencoba mencari kepuasan lain dari Ferre dan diceritakan hubungan mereka begitu mesra.

Suatu waktu Rana dihadapkan pada kenyataan bahwa Ia harus memilih antara Ferre, pria yang menjanjikan kepuasan namun tidak memberikan rasa aman saat bersamanya atau Arwin, pria mapan yang membosankan namun dapat memberikan rasa aman saat bersama Rana. Saat Rana merasa yakin akan Ferre, ternyata Arwin datang dengan sebongkah harapan bahwa ia akan membahagiakan Rana kelak. Bahkan ketika Arwin tahu Rana tak mencintainya dan lebih memilih Ferre, ia justru berkata: “kamu memang pantas mendapatkan yang lebih. Maafkan aku tidak pernah menjadi sosok yang kamu inginkan. Tidak menjadikan pernikahan ini seperti apa yang kamu impikan. Tapi aku teramat mencintaimu, istriku... atau bukan. Kamu tetap Rana yang kupuja. Dan aku yakin tidak akan ada yang melebihi perasaan ini. Andaikan saja kamu tahu.” Rana pun goyah dan memutuskan hubungannya dengan Ferre .

Ferre yang memang sedang dimabuk cinta Rana sedih setengah mati karena harapan yang sudah Ia bangun malah dilanda badai yang tak Ia duga akan Rana datangkan, sempat ia berfikir untuk bunuh diri. Namun seakan-akan ada seorang wanita, Diva, seorang wanita yang akan menyelamatkan Ferre dari keputusasaannya tentang hidup.

Diva, si Bintang Jatuh adalah model bertarif dolar yang laris manis di pasaran, 28 tahun, sangat cerdas, ia tahu segala sesuatu yang dapat digolongkan sebagai seorang wanita berwawasan sangat luas, cantik, kaya, mapan dan berpikiran maju. Ia memang seorang pelacur kelas kakap yang hanya menerima bayaran besar dalam bentuk dolar {hal 57}, dan tanpa seorang mucikari oleh karena itu ia ingin dikenal sebagai seorang wiraswasta (enterpreuneur) sejati. Pelanggannya pun hanya orang-orang berkantong tebal.

Ternyata Diva adalah tetangga seberang rumah Ferre, setiap malam sebelum mereka tidur dari jendela masing-masing mereka mengucapkan selamat tidur dan sepercik kekaguman terhadap pribadi masing-masing. Ferre pun berteman dekat dengan Diva dan berangsur-angsur pulih dari pengalaman pahitnya.

Diva tahu segala sesuatu, ia pun paham detail kisah cinta Ferre, Rana, Arwin, karena mereka bertiga berkonsultasi dengan Diva ( di dunia virtual, dunia Supernova). Diva yang membuat Ferre lepas dari bayang-bayang bunuh diri karena putus cinta. Divalah si bintang jatuh yang bisa mengabulkan keinginan mereka bertiga. Ia memiliki kekuatan merangkum sinkronitas Ruben, Dhimas, Rana, Ferre, Irwan. Ternyata Ruben dan Dhimas digerakkan molekul pikirannya untuk menjadi dalang dari cerita ini. Jadi, sebenarnya mereka berdua hidup di molekul pikiran Supernova.

Supernova adalah novel petualangan intelektual yang menerabas segala sekat disipliner; semacam perselingkuhan visioner yang mempesona antara fisika, psikologi, religi, mitos dan fiksi. Tak hanya menggoda, novel ini mungkin bahkan penting. Kehangatan yang menyengat yang ditawarkan novel ini unik, baru dan memukau. Penyusunan dialog dan komposisinya, merupakan perwujudan dari kebudayaan kita yang sekarang diguncang oleh tidak adanya makna yang bisa dijadikan pegangan. Di tebing akhir Supernova akan muncul sebuah kalimat besar yang bisa jadi kunci segala macam fanatisme yang kini tengah mengoyak negeri ini: Matilah terhadap segala yang kau tahu.

Cerita ini memang dapat dipandang sebagai cerita yang unik dan menarik. Karena terdapat nilai-nilai kehidupan yang dianggap masih tabu dalam masyarakat kita untuk dibicarakan malah diungkapkan dan diceritakan dengan cara yang unik pula oleh Dee dalam novel ini. Mungkin karena itu pula Dee memiliki kelebihan yang tidak dimiliki oleh penulis lain dimata para pakar karya satra. Karena para pakar memandang Supernova sebagai karya sastra yang layak untuk diperbincangkan dan tentunya dinikmati karena mengandung unsur sastra yang menarik untuk dibicarakan.

Kelebihan novel ini :

Novel ini merupakan karya sastra yang sangat brilian. Dengan menggabungkan antara sains, filsafat, psikologi dan sedikit biologi dengan suatu kehidupan roman kisah cinta yang kompleks Dee telah menyajikan suatu penjelasan empiris tentang bagaimana pola pikir manusia ketika menghadapi kompleksnya perasaan cinta. Lewat tokoh Reuben dan Dhimas, kisah cinta yang mereka tulis akan dikupas juga secara berbagai sudut pandang keilmuan. Inilah yang menjadikan novel cinta ini bukan novel yang biasa. Karya terbaik Dee yang menghadirkan wawasan yang sangat luas dan permainan psikologis dan twist yang menarik.

Kekurangan Novel ini :

Banyaknya kata-kata asing yang terlihat begitu sulit akan dijelaskan melalui footnote dengan bahasa yang umum. Sehingga orang awam pun akan memahami jika mau membaca dengan sedikit bersabar karena novel yang cukup tebal dengan footnote nya yang memang cukup banyak memakan tempat dalam novel ini.